Change Orders in Iraqi Construction Projects

Received: October 13, 2018 Revised: November 14, 2018 Accepted: November 28, 2018 Abstract: Introduction: Change orders in construction are considered to be one of the greatest controversial problems that must be handled and also considered to be difficult for project management to reasonably resolve as any variation leads to claims. Any construction contract is agreed under the concept of “good faith,” which include that the parties will have to trust each other in order to work on agreeing on a contract and that contract is considered to be reasonable when there is no purpose of taking benefit of the parties throughout the contract life. However, as soon as the contract wants to be changed by generating a change order, the parties behavior changes in relation to the initial “good faith” environment


INTRODUCTION
The construction industry environment is considered to be complex and competitive as enormous parties with various views, abilities and awareness levels work together [1], thus this may lead to change orders.For a long time, the change orders are an integral industry of construction portion.It is rare to find a construction project being implemented without a modification that usually arises as a consequence of some sources that belong to the various parties included in the project implementation.When the change is being recognized, then is officially standardized by the releasing of a change order, that is a document that labels the changing scope and its influence on time and cost both.If no settlement is established between the project parties on the change, it will transfer to a claim or dispute that may harmfully impact on the implementation of the project and limit its chances to become effective.A number of investigators provided numerous descriptions for a change order.It is a work that is considered new or removed from the original work contract scope that will make changes in the amount of the original contract or date of completion [2].
Change orders in construction are considered to be one of the greatest controversial problems that must be handled and also considered to be difficult for project management to reasonably resolve any variation leading to claims.Any construction contract is agreed under the concept of "good faith," which includes that the parties will have to trust each other in order to work by agreeing on a contract and that a contract is considered to be reasonable when there is no purpose of taking benefit of the parties throughout the contract life.However, as soon as the contract is changed by generating a change order, the parties behavior changes in relation to the initial "good faith" environment [3].
Thus, the aim of the paper is to find the causes of the change order and its effect on the projects and then analyze the causes using data mining techniques.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Osman et al. [4] suggested that a change is any variation from a decided upon well-known schedule and scope.The phrase "change order" raises the robust mood of constructiveness for everything included in projects of construction.Owners do not prefer them since they commonly feel they are compensating for other's faults.In certain cases, from the point of view of the contractors, the change orders interrupt workflow and need extra paperwork and time.In different cases, contractors would catch the change orders as a method to increase their project outcome.Though, it is usually recognized that consultants, owners, and contractors approve that projects would be better without change orders.
Homaid et al. [5], explored 21 reasons and 11 possible change orders influences, and also, nine practices informed to change orders control and management.The study recognized eleven significant reasons and seven vital influence.It is determined in advance that the consultant is the greatest blamable party for the change orders.The overall average growth in the projects of construction total cost is due to change orders and it is about 11.3%.The research determined that changes in the scope of the project are due to requirements of the owner and this has the greatest significant reason and overruns of cost are the greatest significant influences on change orders in those projects.
A questionnaire survey was used to recognize reasons and influences of changes on projects of construction and create proposals on how changes can be escaped or reduced on upcoming projects [6].Jawad [7] produced reasons, influence, and controls of change orders in the huge construction of the building.The study decided that the main cause of variation is the owner and that greatest difference is structural and civil.Statistical analysis of reasons for the change in design in highway construction in Taiwan was conducted by Wu [8].Olsen [9] studied the greatest mutual reasons for change orders which are work separations and considered them to be the most vulnerable to the largest amount of change orders.It is established that errors in design were accountable for the common changes.
Costs of Swedish housing construction have increased more than the inflation rate through the last decade (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004).In Flyvbjerg's [10] report to the British Department for Transport, he distinguished that transport projects are fundamentally risky because the long planning horizon and composite project interface, that often induces variability associated to hesitate at the initial project stages, technical standards, and conditions of the Geotechnical.Also, the nature that considers split and short-term construction projects combined with many stakeholders with changed purposes makes it hard to accomplish high-level and reliable quality [11].
In this paper, AdaBoost technique was used which is an abbreviation for Adaptive Boosting.It is a meta-algorithm in machine learning founded by Yoav Freund and Robert Schapire.It can be found along with many other kinds of algorithms of learning to increase efficiency.The other algorithms of learning output ('weak learners') are merged into a weighted sum that characterizes the boosted classifier final output [12].AdaBoost denotes a specific method of training a boosted classifier [12].

(1)
Where every ftis a learner that receives an object x as input and gives back a value representing the object class [13].
Naji et al.

METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the paper (Fig. 1 and Table 1) includes a questionnaire survey to get an indication of the importance of these factors.The distribution of questionnaires was random and the sample was mixed between owners, consultants, and contractors.The steps can be explained as follows: Several factors that lead to change orders were gathered from the Literature review,which include 1.
books,researches and other resources.
The questionnaire is initially formed and then distributed to the initial population to check its stability,its 2.
structure and its relation to the subject.Then the questionnaire is finally distributed owners, consultants, and contractors.

3.
The researcher collects data from the projects which are documents that contain the change orders in the projects 4.
and the cost of these changes and why these changes occur.Analysis of the causes of the change orders using data mining techniques. 5.
The ORANGE program was used.The measurements that are used to show the effect on the quality and measurement give the response as shown below in Tables 2 and 3.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The first step of change order analysis identifies them by using the questionnaire, it's being distributed over 30 experts who previously worked in the projects The questionnaire was gathered and then formulation of the data, a fivepoint scale as follows: very high, high, medium, low and very low.The impacts were calculated based on the following equation [14].As a result of the questionnaire of the impact of the claims were determined.The second step was used some statistical test using the ORANGE program (Fig. 2).Several tests were used like PCA for future extraction.PCA is Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which in many ways practices the foundation analysis of multivariate data.PCA offers an estimate of a data table, a data matrix, X, in terms of the product of two small matrices T and P' (Fig. 5) [15].
Another test was used which is called MDS.Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a technique which discovers a lowdimensional (in our case a two-dimensional) pointed projection, where it attempts to find suitable distances among points as close as possible.The flawless fit is classically impossible to find since the data considered is highdimensional or the distances are not Euclidean (Fig. 6) [16].After the statistical test, the change orders in the projects were determined as shown in the table below Table 4.The accuracy was 95 and it is considered a very good result.

Table 1 .
The Norms and Standard for change orders.

( 2 )
Which ( mean, (X i ) Class Center, (f i ) The number of iterations for each class, (n)) Total sample size or duplicates of the varieties, (i) Sequence of class, h) number of class.

Table 4 . 1 - 11 1 1 - 1 - 14 1 4 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -
Show the change orders effects.Ordinary concrete for walks 2-Processing of materials and dye with a paint 3-Processing of materials and packaging with ceramic tiles for facades 4-Material processing and packaging of stone for the facades 5-Processing of materials and packaging of the floor and sides of the stairs mirrors 6-Processing of materials and work of secondary ceilings 7-Focus glaze with cement mortar 8-Processing materials and whitewash with plaster 10-Bentonite pigment 11-Concrete concretes for bridges 12-Reinforced concrete ceilings 13-Two opposite layers of Kair 14-The tiling of the cutter Prepare the material and do the cleaning of the site, with skimming the upper soil and moving it to hallowed places 2-The processing of materials and the burial of successful mosaic under the floors 3-Ordinary concrete using floor-resistant cement 4-Ordinary concrete using cement resistant to walkways 5-Concrete concretes for bridges of all floors 6-Reinforced concrete for interior and exterior stairs 7-Construction of the blocks above the exchange for all floors 8Material processing and faking work for facades and mold removal 2-Equipment processing and demolition of old buildings Go to the stairs of the Dosa stairs with a distance of 1.8 * 0.3 m 5-For the stairs of the stairs with a height of 1.8 * 0.17 m 6-Take a phone 15 Taking capacity 13 2-The introduction of a copper cable 4 * 35 3-Works of Tulsa 6 1-Liquor Cement 2-Arranging workshops and setting the floor under the floors 16 1-Stone packaging 2-Processing of cameras 7 The processing of successful burial materials under the floors 2-Secondary ceilings 3-Burial in clean soil 4-Ordinary Concrete Flooring 5-Liquor Cement 6-Exterior of the Alabaster 7-Applying to the Macchi delete 17 Prepare the material and do the cleaning of the site, with skimming the upper soil and moving it to hallowed places 2-Arranging workshops and setting the floor under the floors 2-Concrete Flooring 8 Processing materials and carrying out the installation of a 15 cm 2-Planning and drilling all kinds of foundations 3Grounding the foundation aspects 2-Construction with solid floors under the paddle 20 Grounding the foundation aspects 2-Construction with solid floors under the paddleAfter that the reasons for change order analysis (Table5and Figs.7-11).

Table 3 . The change orders.
C5: The scope of work for the contractor is not well defined C10: Safety available at the project site